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Due to the plan of
" Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
"
Which is known shortly with (IESESCO) which identified several
targets including what is so-called draft capitals of Islamic
culture, where an islamic captital choose to celebrate the
manifestation of its role in Islamic culture at the local, national
and global levels, so the fourth Islamic Conference of Ministers of
Culture, which was held in December Paljzarvi In 2004 - has
decided the selection of the city of Alexandria, the capital of
Islamic culture in 2008 in the Arab region.
Justification of choice
The selection of the city of Alexandria, as the capital of
Islamic culture to celebrate the recognition of the historical role
in consolidating the Islamic culture and dissemination, and a
demonstration of this Alldorkaberali at local, national and global
level, this choice was not coincidence but based on the most
prominent of many justifications:
1. Alexandria excellent geographical location of a meeting point of
civilizations between East and West, since its inception in the year
332 BC, a centre for culture and civilization in the Mediterranean
Basin through the library and Dar-old wisdom, which made the city
the capital of the world cultural Potolemaic era and the greatest
centers of civilization
2. The long history of cultural heritage of Alexandria, which it
firmly rooted since the twenty-three centuries - and still even now
a cultural centre for radiation growing in successive circles
locally and nationally, and Arab, Islamic and international.
3. The Alexandria - Since the Middle Noor Islam within its
boundaries in the seventh century - became mosques and Islamic
cultural centres institutes full of flags of religion, language,
doctrine and mysticism
4. Reflected the cultural role of Alexandria in the Islamic era
after they started relating Maghreb, and Andalusia - closely linked
since the early Xralameladi century, and became the first city to go
out Morocco and Andalusia pilgrims on their way to the Holy Land to
perform the Hajj, so he called the name of geographical Classics
(for Morocco)
5. Alexandria carried the banner of mysticism early, and the
delegation to inform mysticism in the thirteenth century AD (AH VII)
are: Abu Al-Fath by, and Abul-Hassan Al-Shazli, Abu Abbas berth, the
son of God of Alexandria bid, and others Albusiri
6. Visited Alexandria Islamic history many men are Muslims and non
Muslims and described Omar, population and culture, was done in
Alazdharoasoralanksar eras in the city since the Arab conquest, and
until the late eighteenth century AD
7. Alexandria is today - the effects of an Islamic value is perhaps
the most prominent Fort Qaytbay and a complex of mosques and
mosque-Attar, and the remnants of fence Alexandria, the historic
water tank
8. The Endowments big role in preserving the tender Alexandria in
Islamic culture and not even the newly attributed to a long time
since al-era - when arrested Nasser Salah al-Din al-Awqaf special
opportunities for coming to Alexandria, across the (Ibn Jubayr) on
the trip by the famous and visited the Alexandria in 1183 (578 e)
9. The flame of Islamic culture in Alexandria passion even in
Asoralanhaddar in the city, either after turning trade after
detecting via the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, or in Ottoman times,
which it lost many of the manifestations of the old prosperity,
reflected in the continued role at the local level so The era of
biology in the era of Muhammad Ali in 1805 and beyond
10. The growing role of Alexandria in the Islamic culture in the
nineteenth century, were represented in the multiple roles played by
education, culture, media and the press, all of which are
tributaries of Culture contributed by Alexandria at the national
level and internationally, perhaps in the establishment of
Alexandria University in 1942, and the revival of the Alexandria
Library In 2002 the best proof of that
11. Alexandria was - and still - the city of coexistence and
tolerance among the three monotheistic religions Judaism,
Christianity and Islam - and other beliefs, and reflected in
temples, churches, mosques and even become a cosmopolitan city
Cosmopolitan where different cultures coexist under the umbrella of
Islamic culture and temperate Commissioner
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Alexandria in the
Islamic Era
Until now
Some may wonder about the role of
Islamic culture in Alexandria, a city established by Alexander
the Great, bore his name since the year 332 BC 0 m, and remained
the capital of Egypt about a thousand years before opening them
Arabs year 641 AD 0 Indeed, the history of Alexandria shows its
magnificence in the Greek era (332 BC 0 m - 30 m s 0 ), Where
the largest and greatest capital of the world and then exceeded
all Egyptian cities and ancient Greek in wealth and luxury, and
the famous Old Library, Dar wisdom, great ownership limitations,
the famous Al-Manar (beacon Varos), when the Romans occupied
Egypt in 30 BC 0 m, lost Masrastqlalha, and became The mandate
of the Roman Empire, and became Alexandria Accordingly, the
capital of the jurisdiction of another State, having been the
capital of an independent state throughout Potolemaic era, but
this has not prevented progress, which witnessed the
establishment of uninterrupted growth in the early
Alasralromagn, has seen the establishment of some installations,
including column-based Sawary Currently, however, it was the
plight of many have had a significant impact on sabotaging some
buildings, landmarks change, especially in the late
Alasralromagn when the spread of Christianity in Egypt in
general, and in Alexandria in particular
Alexandria has witnessed bloody
conflicts between Christians and heathens consequent destruction of
many important landmarks, the city was not the time to revenue Arabs
carrying the banner of Islam e 20 years (641 AD) in the prosperity
of the old but was Awad time may come to some ruins, and came to
political incidents Some another, as it had lost its library and
Dar-wise, the transfer of Arabs, including Egypt's capital to
Alexandria Fustat, which lost one of the major components, as were
cut by the Nile water, and adopted the population of wells
Although Alexandria
has lost much of Fustat Mazepehrzdharha after taking the capital of
Egypt, Islamic and decadence during the relatively first three
centuries of migration than it was in the era Potolemaic and
Romanian, has maintained its status during those centuries old
cultural, and exercised its scientific and technical, economic, and
if they then Fustat Alktaea then Cairo Has become the administrative
capital of the Islamic era in Egypt, Alexandria was the actual
capital of the country throughout this Alasralve extended from the
Islamic conquest of Egypt until the Ottoman conquest, it has become
clear that role clearly in Alasralaope and Mamluk era
Alexandria has been retained
in modern Islamic planned it inherited from the Roman era Greek
special system of straight streets and cutting also witnessed great
development in Amarah, where established by religious schools and
mosques, shrines angles, and one of the most prominent
manifestations of Islamic architecture Attar Mosque, a mosque, Abu
Abbas berth mounted outside the door Sea year 706 e (1306 m)
Alexandria has seen since the second half of the third
century Hegira new era of prosperity, has been shrouded Ahmad ibn
Tulun impervious fence protected from invasions, and the digging of
Alexandria Bay for delivery to attack, also drew special attention
by the Fatimids 0 least interest in the capital Cairo, becoming a
base for the fleet Fatimid in the Mediterranean Sea and made the
focus of the gaps fleets coming from Morocco and Andalusia and
Venice, Genoa 0 A geographical Arab Abu Obeid Allah Bakry of the
importance of the gaps in Alexandria in the Fatimid era, said that
the ships had come from Morocco Tgor to Alexandria to the Moroccan
carrier stores, also said travelers Nasser Khosrow " The Sea of
Alexandria extends even Kairouan "(2) Perhaps that explains why at
the beginning rooted traditions in all walks of life in Alexandria,
moral and material, and the beginning of the delegations of imams in
Morocco and Andalusia to the holes of Alexandria
The continued boom in modern buildings of Alexandria, where
al-important market for world trade, with most of the products
flowing from the Middle Ok and Fragrances, and other spices,
pepper and spices are all important and Alexandria was the largest
market for trade in the world in the Middle Ages (3) as the city
was replete A large number of hotels, agencies and Qaysarat, and
the hotel - or the Khan - an important building in the economic
life like the Islamic Great cities 0 and global activity led to
the increasing number of traders Franks in the gaps, but the
Italian Republic established hotels in the city, said Benjamin
Alttili that 18 countries were dealing with each and Alexandria
Hotel gaps 0
He described the Andalusian travelers (Ibn Jubayr)
renaissance of Alexandria and the widening age in the sixth
century AH (XIII AD) as saying (I put this good country and the
breadth of its buildings, so what I saw a country larger than
paths in the highest building in ceremony of emancipation, and in
markets The end of the celebration too, is astonishing in the
recipe that built below ground and above the sons of emancipation
and stronger,
because the water from the Nile across all its alleys and homes
under the ground, wells relate to each other, and provide each
other (4)
Although measured in Alexandria, Ayyubids Fatimid era of strife
and revolutions and freedom were threatened by the raids, has
flourished Omar is rich in various kinds of facilities such as
beatings House of casting gold, silver, and the work of DH House
and Justice Department for Finance and Industry House, and was
concerned by the Salah al-Din considerable attention, aged fleet
And established by March and houses of Moroccans and a school and
new drilling Alexandria Bay (5) 0
The big hit in Alexandria affair Alasralammluki, has
evolved built by the rapid development, and has lived in an era
when the blooming rose economically and culturally, and many
schools and the number was the most important of which fourteen
school to study modern-Sharif and jurisprudence, and was affected
by Ammar psychotropic Architectural Morocco because of the large
delegations Andalusian and Moroccans, have Traveller Ibn Battuta
across this urban expansion, said "holes were guarded, and the
country Manos, strange matter original architecture, by as many as
you improve and fortify the exploits of a minimum and religion,
honored spoils, but tempered sense collected between luxury and
provisions premises, they reflected the unique humiliation, and
Virgin, Manifested in dreams, bright beauty of Morocco, the
University of the beauties of the central crossroads between east
and Morocco "(6
Alexandria has been placed scientific and cultural distinct in
Asralammalik, schools have contributed to the blossoming science,
engineering and philosophy, astronomy, science and religion, has
been achieved due arrival of scientists from all over the world
since the Fatimid era, and had set up a house Moroccans and their
school at the hands of Salahuddin significant impact on
delegations Large audience of scientists Morocco and Andalusia and
disembarkation in Alexandria and contributed to the scientific
movement, and these scientists took many of the people of
Alexandria modern science and reads science and jurisprudence and
Arabic 0 Prominent Moroccans Sheikh Abu Hassan Al-Shazli, who
stayed in Alexandria (642 e in 1244) and founded the School of
Sofia Reputation in Alexandria and carrying a brigade of several
student Andalusian and his successor Abu Abbas berth (died 686 e /
in 1287) then the son of God of Alexandria bid, along with the
mysticism of this school in Alexandria, other schools may be the
most prominent scholars Maalikis school founded by Sheikh
Aboualhassan structures (died Year 612 e / 1215
Alexandria
deterioration in the Ottoman eras:
Alexandria known throughout the nineteenth century
Hegira era of prosperity has exceeded all of the foregoing eras, but
was followed by a sharp deterioration in the economics of the city
since the early tenth century AH Throughout Ottoman times and is due
to many reasons, perhaps the most notable ever uncovered via the
Cape of Good Hope year 892 e ( In 1497) and transformed global trade
mechanism, so the city lost commercial value and cut the link
between them and the outside world, and add to that abuse Mamluk
Sultans then in tax collection particularly from foreigners and
selling spices 0 monopoly and the imposition of prohibitive duties
on trade, and ships started coming to Alexandria less because of
increased Alarsab In the hall and sand 0 Antmarh has also suffered a
devastating earthquake Alexandria Maouka Perhaps the worst in 702 e
(1302 m) and 777 e (1375 m) where it destroyed some buildings
particularly famous beacon of Alexandria, was established by Sultan
Fort Qaytbay in place his name in 884 AH (1479 m) 0 as Spread of
epidemics city in the early tenth century Hijra, which prompted the
devastation and the low number of inhabitants and marched towards
the delay and decay rapidly approaching, and when the Ottoman
conquest of Egypt in 922 e (1517 m) was Alexandria has lost its old
and reversed a setback over the long Ottoman eras did not agree only
in The early nineteenth century 0 shrank in their place has become
so physical occupy neck extending between the ports of East and
West, and became known as the Turkish city, and went to the maximum
narrow during the French campaign three years (1213 - 1216 e / 1798
- 1801 m) with an estimated population then estimated Only eight
thousand (Form
Figure 1
Alexandria and the role
of civilization in the modern era:
The developments that have exposed hundreds of years become a significant
growth achieved in decades, and in a short period of her life
amount to about two hundred years (1222 e - 1429 e) (1807 m - 2008
m) grew and spread in an area of huge and widening transformed
from a modest upswing misplaced To one of the largest cities in
the Mediterranean and the Arab world
Thanks biggest growth in Alexandria in the modern era to (Muhammad
Ali), who dug the canal in 1237 Mahmoudia e (1821 m), which
provided drinking water to the inhabitants of the city and its
suburbs in horticulture, as it had the main artery of
transportation between Alexandria and the rest of Egypt, which
helped to recover For an outlet for their ancient Egypt's foreign
trade
The increasing interest of Muhammad Ali in Alexandria,
repaired and expanded port and fortifying the city and taken by
the base of the Egyptian fleet in the Mediterranean and
established by the Department of Industry, in addition to that has
led the D-line railway between Alexandria and Cairo in 1277 e
(1856 m) to accelerate the growth of the city and the increase in
their place, Suez then contacted two years later than the impact
in terms of trade boom has served the transit trade between Europe
and east, but the construction of the Suez Canal after it wrested
from Alexandria International transit trade
The only port on the role of exports and imports are growing
Egyptian significantly expanded after Egypt in the cultivation and
export of cotton to the outside
Having reflected the physical manifestation of the progress
witnessed in Alexandria during the nineteenth century the
population growth, the increasing number of inhabitants
significantly from about 40,000 people in 1255 e (1840 m) to
232,000 inhabitants in 1299 e (1882 m) and then to 316000 people
in 1314 e (1897 m) 0 delegations have been characterized by a
large number of foreigners who favored a significant impact in
their lives, most of them Greeks, Italians, French and the British
and left a clear imprint on architecture and functions and its
culture more than any other city in Egypt
The continued growth of urban Alexandria in the twentieth century
steadily, and widened their place in the Middle significantly even
docked suburbs which were mostly in villages close to the city but
they disappeared and become a mere revival of sand inside the
suburb east of Alexandria 0 extended road links Aldakhilh to
increase the usage and growth of the city eastward, has Witnessed
the creation of a large number of factories and enterprises and
the role of science and caring for the increasing resort
increasingly important year after year (Figure 2)
Figure 2
The population continued to grow steadily Alexandria in the
twentieth century, especially at large since World War II,it jumped
a population of 353,800 inhabitants in 1325 e (1907 m) to 919000
people in 1367 e (1947 m) and then to 1,516,000 inhabitants in 1380
hijri (1960 m) doubled Almost population after nearly a quarter
century only to hit 2,917,000 inhabitants in 1406 hijri (1986 m) and
then to 4,110,015 inhabitants in 2006 and was the immigration from
all parts of Egypt, an important factor of population growth even
became the second Egyptian cities in population size ( 7)
The Economic and civilized role grew in the modern era, and became
million multifunctional city, and is the first port of Egypt, its
trade volume amounted to about 27 million tons in 2001 funds
equivalent to 56% of Egypt's foreign trade volume, has also become a
major base of the Egyptian industry is concentrated in More than one
third of the industry especially textile and chemical industries,
food industries, and industries, the city absorbed about a quarter
of industrial employment in the country
And Alexandria, a main cultural and an educational and touristic
center in Egypt, has accompanied the growth of urban cultural role
to a large extent (it was created by many of the special role of
science Alexandria University (1362 e in 1942) and contributed to
the city heritage and environment and functions played a major role
in the civilization of modern Egypt, graduated literati, scholars
and businessmen Press and music and the arts also played a big role
in the Egyptian national movement throughout the national struggle
since the late nineteenth century to achieve independence, and then
crowned all this to revive the Alexandria Library in 2002 to be
Egypt's window on the world, and Egypt's window on the world.
In addition to the functions and commercial, industrial and cultural
rights, the Alexandria is one of the largest tourist centre in
Egypt, a vast proportion of the summer tourist traffic out, was
helped by its geographical location and moderate climate and easy it
relates to the rest of the country, and the presence of important
archaeological zones due mostly to the greek , Roman and Islamic
era.
And Alexandria since its inception gate and civilized window by
Egypt on the Mediterranean, and has become an example of cultural
exchange between East and West in architecture, art and literature,
science, as it holds since its inception early feature of Greek
civilization and even old described as "a Greek city planted in
Egypt
The growing role of Alexandria civilization in the modern era
especially when increased international relations in the
Mediterranean and European interest of Arab countries on the African
and Asian coasts 0 Alexandria became economically and culturally
expressive and cultural between the northern Mediterranean basin and
southern civilization or between the Christian West and Islamic
civilization and the Middle witnessed more than any Other Egyptian
city of influence foreign communities in their lives and their age
and thus collected from the characteristics of the cities of the
Nile Valley and the Mediterranean cities that together until it
became a global impact and vulnerability through the distinctive and
multi-functions and a long history
The immense population growth and job increase in the Alexandria
area of the city and province, the area has increased from 71 square
kilometres in 1947 to 289.5 square kilometres in 1960 and then to
314.4 square kilometres in 1976, after expansion to maintain
administratively then peaked in 2006 with the widening Area where
the 2300 square kilometres of which 1675 square kilometer area
inhabited by 72.8% of the total area, while the rest of the area
amounting to 625 square kilometers are uninhabited (8) (Figure 3)
Figure (3) Borders of Alexandria
at The Present Time 2008
The most important references:
1. Mr. Salem Abdul-Aziz - the date the city
of Alexandria and in the era of Islamic
civilization - Alexandria - 1985 - p. 30 0
2. Ibid - p. 78 0
3. Mohamed Sobhi Abdul Hakim - ALEXANDRIA - Cairo - 1958 - p. 123
0
4. Ibn Jubayr - trip ibn Jubayr - achieving Hussein Nassar - Cairo
- 1955 - Al 8-9 0
5. Abdel Aziz Salem - ibid - p. 84 0
6. Journey ibn Jubayr - ibid. p. 20 0
7. Check it in detail:
A - Fathi Abu gone with the wind - the population of Alexandria
- a study geographical and demographic - Daralthagaffh university
- Alexandria 1980 0
B - Fathi Abu gone with the wind - geographic Alexandria - House
knowledge of university - Alexandria 2005 0
8. C 0 m p 0 Cabinet's Information and Decision Support Egypt
described the information 2007 Edition VII Part II Cairo 2007, p.
30
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Media in Alexandria
Islamic Era
Although historians foreigners and Egyptians have additional characters talk
about many lived in Alexandria in ancient Greek, Roman and contributed
significantly to its cultural and scientific in those eras but the flags of
Alexandria in modern Islamic equally their impact in terms of the value of the
shares of many of them in consolidating the culture of Alexandria as a centre
Of Islamic culture and protects them even become one of the most important
centers of scientific and cultural Alasralaslami proud of our scientists and
men of literature and thought, and spreading throughout the mosques, schools
and connectivity, and attract students to science and scientists from the
extreme Orient Moving from Morocco
Having demonstrated the role of flags of Alexandria in various stages of the
city's history, there has been a forum of scientists and scholars in the
Fatimid era, the Fatimid State attempted dissemination of the Shiite doctrine,
but were confronted by scientists and scholars of Alexandria, Alexandria
embraced the movement of anti-common, and some researchers attributed from a
geographical perspective, because Delinquency opponents to Alexandria was by
virtue of its location in the extreme north-west of Delta and its isolation
from the rest of the cities of Egypt, relates to the ways leading to the Burka
and North Africa, the Mediterranean world, and its role in the freedom of
thought and culture
This was reflected in the wonderful position of Alexandria protect Islam,
Sunnis, supported the people of Alexandria when Salah al-Din, and stood to the
neighborhood, and offered him all help a desire to get rid of Fatimid and
hatred in the Shiite denomination and its owners,
The alleged leadership of the people of Alexandria to advocate (Salah
al-Din) Faqih from the scholars of Alexandria, before the imams of the year by
a "Abu Tahar Auf", the right to Salahuddin to remind the people of Alexandria
that position after that, where Alexandria has been backed up to take charge
of things and re-Egypt Sneh, Alexandria continued to support him even began
the holy jihad against the Crusaders, which was extended until the end of the
age-Ayyoubi, Alexandria stood behind all the forces of Saladin and his
successors did not hear it strayed once - for Ayyubid about Jihad (1)
In fact, Alexandria was a union house, and important gaps of Tgor Jihad, and
there Kthirmen rhetoric of bounty and paid for and thus occupied a special
place in the hearts of Muslims, a delegation from the Orient and Morocco in
search of wage and a desire to reward received special attention in the
Fatimid era, Al, and Righteous interest so to be a manifestation of the power
of the state and a tool for jihad against the enemies of religion and houses
of the fleet and was 0 for clergy and scholars unique place in the hearts of
the people of Alexandria, were surrounded by, and the largest greatest
reverence, and they represent the true leadership of the city, as was the
voice audible to the rulers.
Despite the many writings on the flags of Alexandria many times in the OIC,
the beauty of what religion Bearer of these media remains the fullest and most
comprehensive 0 This has included thirteen of Galilee personal circus, her
career came in Alexandria during the Islamic era, who believed that extends
from Alexandria to enter Islam The modern age, or what he called the late
Islamic era (2)
Jamal Al-Din has begun Porter - The owners of Galilee flags Alexandria
blessings, and al-Jalil Abdul Rahman bin Hormuz (lame) Professor Imam Malek
and two one situation Arabic grammar and science as 0 and then moved to what
he called the era of scientific and intellectual peak in the history of
Islamic Alexandria, Chose to highlight one mark represents a school of the
modern large-Hafiz updated Salafist which came from the city of Isfahan - and
settled in Alexandria and attract students to this science from throughout the
Islamic world and apprenticeships for thousands of students
This was followed by three scientists from the School of Jurisprudence
representing Abu Bakr al-Maliki, one of which Trtoci delegation from the
extreme west of the city Trtoucheh Andalusia, and also settled in Alexandria,
and the fact that a large school where most of his music, and the second is
Abu Tahar Ben Auf, who is also a son of Alexandria is Oldest families, and the
third is a bill-Faqih Bin Annan pupil Trtoci
This was followed by scientists and scholars representing school Sufis who
built the Islamic era in Alexandria and on top of the pole Abul-Hassan
Al-Shazli, student, Abu Abbas anchorage and pupil student, the son of God of
Alexandria bid, and presses all these Abul Kashem Alkabbari
In the late Islamic era, which began with the end of the eighteenth century
and early nineteenth, he said, "Bearer" flags of the three docked in
Alexandria hand and the struggle against the Egyptian Alastamarwalgzah the
other hand, and Mr. Mohammed Karim, Mr. Abdullah Nadeem, Sheikh Abdul Aziz
Gawish, They are also reminded us - the spirit of national struggle against
Algswalajunbi Egypt
It is worth noting that these media reflect the cultural diversity of
Alexandria witnessed by the Islamic, western regions of the world around, and
was a specialist in modern and jurist was a milestone, and the Sofia or Zahid
worshippers, including those who were politically and messenger, or a
struggler against the invaders or press
Also, this constellation of global media showed the delegation of the Islamic
Alexandria strangers whom parts of the Muslim world and lived in Alexandria
without a sense of alienation and sense as citizens of Muslims living in an
Islamic country welcomes them and learn them and agree on their hands
Literature most important study:
1.. Fawzi Al-Amin - intellectual and literary movement
in Alexandria in the sixth century AH - Alexandria House meet - 2002 - p. 25 0
2. Gamal Eddin Porter - Media of Alexandria in the Islamic era - House
knowledge, Egypt - Cairo 1965
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